Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
A Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a common infection of the bladder, kidneys or the tubes connected to them (urethra and ureters). The bacteria capable of causing these infections translocate from either the gut, the vagina or from a partner.
The incidence of UTIs is more prevalent in women because of the short length of their urethra and proximity to the vagina and anus (areas rich in bacteria). The bacteria that cause UTIs are termed ‘uropathogens’.
The most common is Escherichia coli, although other bacteria can also cause of infections such as Enterococcus and Klebsiella species. UTIs generally present with a range of symptoms, and swift antibiotic treatment is advised.
Symptoms may include:
- Painful urination
- Urinary urgency and frequency
- A sensation of bladder fullness or lower abdominal discomfort
- Flank pain
- Blood in the urine
- Fevers, chills, malaise
Common risk factors for UTIs include:
- Sexual intercourse
- Douching and hygiene factors
- Recent catheterisation
- Life stages such as pregnancy and post menopause
- Recent antibiotic use (due to change in vaginal microbiome balance)
- Dehydration
- Incomplete voiding of the bladder
- Immunosuppression and diabetes
Treatment is advised given infection can progress to the kidneys, and cause further complications. UTIs can become recurrent or chronic in some women, and these require a multifaceted approach to resolve.
