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Microbial Impact - Other conditions

Microbes (bacteria and yeast) and their impact on health outcomes in other 
health conditions (excluding reproductive and urological health).

Microbe Condition Paper Title Outcome Authors Date Link
Beneficial Bacteria
Overall lactobacillus Menopause & dryness Vaginal Microbiome and Epithelial Gene Array in Post-Menopausal Women with Moderate to Severe Dryness Conversely, women with ‘moderate’ or ‘severe’ dryness had a decreased abundance of lactobacilli and a large diversity in number of species detected. There was an inverse correlation between Lactobacillus ratio and dryness.. which shown here to be associated with changes in vaginal epithelial cell integrity and inflammation. Hummelen R, Macklaim JM, Bisanz JE, et al. 2011 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0026602
HPV The vaginal microbiota, human papillomavirus and cervical dysplasia: a systematic review and network metaanalysis Women with Lactobacillus-enriched microbiomes were less likely to acquire HPV infection compared to women with overgrowth of bacterial vaginosis (BV)-linked bacteria (Gardnerella, Atopobium, and Prevotella) J Norenhag, J Du, M Olovsson, 2020 https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1471-0528.15854
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus
Lactobacillus crispatus
Lactobacillus gasseri
Lactobacillus helveticus
Lactobacillus iners
Lactobacillus jensenii
Lactobacillus mulieris
Lactobacillus paragasseri
Ligilactobacillus salivarius
Limosilactobacillus fermentum
Limosilactobacillus reuteri Toxic shock syndrome Lactobacillus Reuteri produced cyclic dipeptides quench agr - mediated expression of toxic shock syndrome toxic - 1 in staphylococci. The vaginal probiotic strain Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 has been shown to produce cyclic dipeptides capable of suppressing TSST-1 production in S. aureus (19), suggesting that indigenous vaginal lactobacilli may protect the host from menstrual TSS progression Jingru, Li, Wending, Wang. Et al,. 2010 https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128aem.02908-12?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfrid=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed
Bifidobacterium bifidum
Bifidobacterium breve
Bifidobacterium longum
Vaginal dysbiosis
Vaginal dysbiosis Cervical cancel Role of Immunity and Vaginal Microbiome in Clearance and Persistence of Human Papillomavirus Infection This review showed that the vaginal microbiome, cellular, and cytokine markers of inflammation are some of the biological markers that are associated with neoplastic disease in cervical carcinogenesis. Lungelo Ntuli, Andile Mtshali et al. 2022 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-andinfection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2022.927131/full#B81
Vaginal dysbiosis Progression of endometriosis Endometriosis and dysbiosis: State of art Dysbiosis, disrupt normal immune function, leading to the elevation of proinflammatory cytokines, compromised immunosurveillance and altered immune cell profiles, all of which may contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Although many studies used in the literature are poor quality, there still seems to be a connection between endometriosis and the microbiome, including the reproductive microbiome. Brunella Zizolfi, Virginia Foreste, et al. 2023 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2023.1140774/full
Opportunistic anaerobic bacteria
Anaerobic species overall Pelvic inflammatory disease risk A Cluster Analysis of Bacterial Vaginosis–associated Microflora and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease When identified by microbial culture, a combination of BV-related microorganisms significantly elevated the risk of acquiring PID. Roberta B. Ness, Kevin E. Kip 2005
HPV, STDs, PID. The Vaginal Community State Types Microbiome-Immune Network as Key Factor for Bacterial Vaginosis and Aerobic Vaginitis The association between dysbiotic microbiota with increased susceptibility to human papillomavirus (HPV), and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease, preterm birth, and maternal and neonatal infections has been observed De seta, F et al. 2019
Gardnerella vaginalis HPV persistence Role of Immunity and Vaginal Microbiome in Clearance and Persistence of Human Papillomavirus Infection Emerging evidence suggests that women with a low relative abundance of vaginal Lactobacillus species and high proportions of the Gardnerella, Sneathia, and Atopobium genera are less likely to clear HPV infection Lungelo Ntuli, Andile Mtshali et al. 2022 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-andinfection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2022.927131/full#B81
Dialister micraerophilus
Fannyhessea vaginae (atopobium) HPV persistence Role of Immunity and Vaginal Microbiome in Clearance and Persistence of Human Papillomavirus Infection Emerging evidence suggests that women with a low relative abundance of vaginal Lactobacillus species and high proportions of the Gardnerella, Sneathia, and Atopobium genera are less likely to clear HPV infection Lungelo Ntuli, Andile Mtshali et al. 2022 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-andinfection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2022.927131/full#B81
PID, endometritis Identification of novel microbes associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility This is the first prospective study to demonstrate that S. sanguinegens, S. amnionii, BVAB1 and A. vaginae are associated with PID. Women who tested positive for all four BV-associated bacteria in the endometrium had a twofold increased likelihood of having histologically confirmed endometritis, were nearly six times as likely to experience persistent endometritis after PID treatment and were four times as likely Haggerty CL. et al. 2016
Finegoldia magna
Fusobacterium nucleatum
Megasphaera hutchinsoni
Megasphaera lornae
Megasphaera vaginalis
Mobiluncus curtisii
Mobiluncus mulieris
Aerococcus christensenii
Amygdalobacter indicium
Amygdalobacter nucleatus
Clostridiales genomosp. BVAB1 PID, endometritis Identification of novel microbes associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility This is the first prospective study to demonstrate that S. sanguinegens, S. amnionii, BVAB1 and A. vaginae are associated with PID. Women who tested positive for all four BV-associated bacteria in the endometrium had a twofold increased likelihood of having histologically confirmed endometritis, were nearly six times as likely to experience persistent endometritis after PID treatment and were four times as likely Haggerty CL. et al. 2016
Vaginosis Associated Bacterium HIV susceptibility Prevotella timonensis Bacteria Associated With Vaginal Dysbiosis Enhance Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Susceptibility Of Vaginal CD4+ T Cells Prevotella spp are abundant during vaginal dysbiosis and associated with enhanced HIV-1 susceptibility. Notably, pre-exposure to Prevotella timonensis enhanced HIV-1 uptake by vaginal T cells, leading to increased viral fusion and enhanced virus production. Nienke H van Teijlingen, et al. 2024 https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/230/1/e43/7640764
Mageeibacillus indolicus
Porphyromonas asaccharolytica
Porphyromonas uenonis
Sneathia sanguinegens HIV acquisition Lactobacillus-Deficient Cervicovaginal Bacterial Communities Are Associated with Increased HIV Acquisition in Young South African Women Prevotella melaninogenica, Veillonella montpellierensis, Mycoplasma, Prevotella bivia, and Sneathia sanguinegens, most of which were associated with increased genital inflammation, were all positively associated with HIV acquisition Christina Gosmann et al. 2017 https://www.cell.com/immunity/fulltext/S1074-7613(16)30519-2
PID, endometritis Identification of novel microbes associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility This is the first prospective study to demonstrate that S. sanguinegens, S. amnionii, BVAB1 and A. vaginae are associated with PID. Women who tested positive for all four BV-associated bacteria in the endometrium had a twofold increased likelihood of having histologically confirmed endometritis, were nearly six times as likely to experience persistent endometritis after PID treatment and were four times as likely Haggerty CL. et al. 2016
Sneathia vaginalis BV, HPV, STD risk, HIV infection, cervical dysplasia. Sneathia: an emerging pathogen in female reproductive disease and adverse perinatal outcomes In non-pregnant women, the presence of Sneathia spp. in the vaginal fluid is associated with bacterial vaginosis, HPV infection, cervical dysplasia, and increased risk of HIV infection and sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Theis KR, Florova V, et al 2021
Prevotella amnii BV, Endometritis, PID The Role of Prevotella Species in Female Genital Tract Infections Table 1: Prevotella spp. associated with human hosts and their respective organ systems. P. amnii involvement in infections: BV, Endometritis, PID. Organ system involvement: Vagina, Amniotic fluid. Sheridan D George et al. 2024
Prevotella bivia BV, Endometritis, PID, Chorioamnionitis The Role of Prevotella Species in Female Genital Tract Infections Table 1: Prevotella spp. associated with human hosts and their respective organ systems. P. Bivia involvement in infections: BV, Endometritis, PID, Chorioamnionitis. Organ system involvement: Vagina, Skin/soft tissue Sheridan D George et al. 2024
Prevotella disiens BV, Endometritis, PID, Gingivitis The Role of Prevotella Species in Female Genital Tract Infections Table 1: Prevotella spp. associated with human hosts and their respective organ systems. P. Disiens involvement in infections: BV, Endometritis, PID, Gingivitis. Organ system involvement: Vagina, Gut, Bartholin abscess, Oral Sheridan D George et al. 2024
Opportunistic aerobic bacteria
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecium
Escherichia coli Stillborn What are possible causes of stillbirth? Stillbirths from Escherichia coli, group B streptococcus, and enterococcus were most common. Infection-related stillbirths were more common before 24 weeks of pregnancy. US Department of Health and Human Services https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/causes#
Klebsiella pneumoniae PID Isolation of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from urogenital samples of patients with Pelvic inflammatory disease in North Central Nigeria E. coli and K. pneumoniae are fast becoming the urogenital pathogens associated with PID patients in most developing countries. Overtime urogenital pathogens especially members of Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, Pseudomonas sp, Staphylococcus sp and Proteus sp have been regarded as causative agents of PID in most developing countries. Mary Uche Oyedum et.al. 2022
Staphylococcus aureus Toxic shock syndrome Influence of the vaginal microbiota on toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 production by Staphylococcus aureus Menstrual toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a serious illness that afflicts women of premenopausal age worldwide and arises from vaginal infection by Staphylococcus aureus and concurrent production of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) MacPhee RA, Miller WL, et al. 2013 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23315732/
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B strep)
Streptococcus anginosus
Pathogenic yeasts
Candida albicans
Candida dubliniensis
Candida parapsilosis
Candida tropicalis
Nakaseomyces glabratus
Pichia kudriavzevii
Other Pathogenic Yeasts
Ureaplasma
Mycoplasma hominis

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